Lebanon’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC 3.0) for 2035 is a comprehensive framework developed in line with Article 4.9 of the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21 of the UNFCCC. It reflects the country’s commitment to addressing climate change as a core component of sustainable recovery and social stability. Under NDC 3.0, Lebanon commits to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 22% unconditionally and 33% conditionally compared to a business-as-usual scenario, while increasing renewable energy to 25% (unconditional) and 30% (conditional) of electricity generation. The scope of mitigation is expanded to include F-gases. Building on NDC 2.0, the updated framework adopts a more structured, principle-based approach to adaptation, focusing on 8 priority sectors as follows (i) Agriculture: Strengthen the resilience of the agricultural sector to enhance climate-smart productivity and improve food security; (ii) Forestry: Promote sustainable natural resource use, restore degraded landscapes, and expand forest cover while meeting ecological, social, and economic needs; (iii) Water: Develop and manage sustainable water services, including irrigation, to improve living conditions; (iv) Biodiversity: Conserve and sustainably manage terrestrial and marine biodiversity to protect ecosystems, address pressures, and ensure equitable access to ecosystem services; (v) Urban Infrastructure: Reduce the vulnerability of urban and coastal infrastructure to climate change through sustainable and inclusive approaches; (vi) Public Health: Integrate climate resilience into healthcare systems to strengthen preparedness and response to climate-related risks; (vii) Disaster Risk Reduction: Minimize disaster risks and impacts through improved mitigation and adaptation to climate hazards and extreme events; (viii) Tourism: Enhance climate resilience through sustainable tourism that supports economic diversification. The mitigation strategy covers several key sectors, each with targeted measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (i) in the energy sector, the focus is on reducing emissions from electricity generation by increasing renewable energy to 25–30%, expanding solar and other renewables, promoting decentralized energy systems, upgrading transmission infrastructure, and reducing reliance on fossil fuels; (ii) in the transport sector, emissions are reduced through an e-mobility strategy, including electric vehicle adoption, development of charging infrastructure, electrification of transport fleets, and decreased dependence on gasoline-based transport; (iii) for industrial processes (IPPU), measures include controlling emissions from cement production, reducing F-gases in refrigeration and air conditioning, and improving industrial efficiency through cleaner technologies; (iv) in the agriculture sector (AFOLU), actions focus on improving soil management, reducing livestock emissions, promoting climate-smart agriculture, and enhancing carbon sequestration in soils and vegetation; (v) the LULUCF (Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) sector aims to increase carbon removals by enhancing forest sinks, reducing deforestation and land degradation, and promoting reforestation and sustainable land use; (vi) in the waste sector, mitigation includes improving waste management systems, reducing emissions from landfills, and promoting recycling and waste reduction through circular economy approaches; (vii) the wastewater sector focuses on improving treatment systems and reducing emissions from untreated wastewater discharge.
Ливан · 2025-01-01