Consistent with the Paris Agreement, Oman’s Third Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC 3.0) builds on previous climate action and sets out more ambitious mitigation and adaptation measures aligned with Oman Vision 2040 and the Sultanate’s long-term objectives for balanced economic development, low-carbon growth, environmental protection, and sustainability. NDC 3.0 outlines the national climate policy direction and strategic frameworks for advancing decarbonization, strengthening climate resilience, and supporting sustainable economic development, while reinforcing Oman’s commitment to inclusive processes and alignment with global climate goals. Given Oman’s vulnerability to water scarcity, extreme heat, and coastal hazards, NDC 3.0 places adaptation and resilience at the core of national climate action. It establishes a sector-wide adaptation agenda covering climate-vulnerable areas including water, fisheries, agriculture, infrastructure and tourism, and health, with a focus on early warning systems, nature-based solutions, and disaster risk reduction (DRR) planning. At the same time, Oman strengthens its mitigation efforts in support of the Paris Agreement’s goal of holding the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C while pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. NDC 3.0 shifts from a Business-as-Usual (BAU) approach to an absolute emissions framework anchored in 2024, with targets to reduce GHG emissions by 7% unconditionally and an additional 26% conditionally by 2035. An updated baseline dataset strengthens the transparency and accuracy of emissions estimates and supports Oman’s transition toward net zero. The 2025–2035 mitigation pathway focuses on renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable land management, and water conservation, enabled by capacity building, technology transfer, and international cooperation. NDC 3.0 sets out a number of adaptation measures in the main concerned sectors, as follows: (i) Water: strengthen climate-resilient water governance and planning; expand and upgrade flood-protection, recharge and storage dams, and rehabilitate priority wadis; improve hydrological monitoring, flood-risk mapping, modelling and decision support; maintain and rehabilitate water infrastructure after extreme events; protect catchments and manage ecosystems; and improve water security through integrated water budgeting, demand management, wastewater reuse and resilient desalination operations; (ii) Agriculture: improve water-use efficiency through modern irrigation, better allocation and precision agriculture; expand treated wastewater reuse and salinity management; promote climate-resilient crops and reduce reliance on water-intensive cropping; restore soils and degraded agricultural land; strengthen flood and cyclone protection for farms and rural assets; and support food security, rangeland rehabilitation and resilient rural livelihoods; (iii) Fisheries: strengthen ecosystem and nature-based management by protecting marine habitats, expanding marine protected areas and applying spatial and seasonal management; improve fisheries monitoring, surveillance, early action and post-harvest systems; integrate climate risk into fisheries governance, marine spatial planning and aquaculture; and strengthen livelihoods through value-chain upgrades, skills development, livelihood diversification and risk-financing mechanisms; (iv) Infrastructure and public services: mainstream climate risk into spatial planning, zoning and infrastructure design; strengthen flood-risk management, drainage and nature-based urban solutions; improve the resilience and continuity of water, electricity, sanitation, waste and ICT services; strengthen disaster-risk reduction, early warning and emergency preparedness; and enhance institutional coordination, climate-data systems, technical capacity and climate-finance mobilization; (v) Tourism: strengthen climate preparedness and emergency response; integrate climate-risk screening into tourism land-use planning and infrastructure design; apply hazard-based zoning to avoid high-risk locations; protect coastal tourism assets through shoreline stabilisation and nature-based buffers; restore mangroves, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass ecosystems; and strengthen climate-risk monitoring and analytics for tourism investment planning; (vi) Public health: strengthen multi-hazard early warning, risk communication and community protection, particularly for heatwaves, dust storms, floods and cyclones; enhance surveillance and rapid response for climate-sensitive diseases; strengthen integrated vector management and environmental health; improve water safety, WASH continuity and sanitation during extreme events; enhance health-facility resilience and emergency preparedness; and use the Healthy Cities platform to strengthen community-based prevention and resilient living conditions; (vii) Climate research: strengthen the evidence base for adaptation through applied climate-risk and vulnerability research; develop AI/ML tools for drought and flood forecasting and resource-stress prediction; test practical adaptation solutions through sector-specific pilots; and improve research governance, tracking and coordination between academia, government and the private sector to ensure that research is translated into adaptation planning and implementation. As for the mitigation measures, they are, by sector, as follows: (i) Energy: expand renewable energy deployment while maintaining grid stability and leveraging GCC interconnection; increase the share of renewable power in captive industrial and oil and gas generation; improve energy efficiency; accelerate EV adoption and public transport electrification; deploy solar, wind and battery energy storage; promote fuel switching; recover flare gas; and strengthen carbon sinks; (ii) IPPU: improve industrial process efficiency and reduce emissions through material and fuel substitution; progressively deploy Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) in refining and heavy industry, including cement, steel and chemicals, subject to financing and implementation capacity; and develop enabling solutions such as CCUS hubs, hydrogen for transport and biofuels; (iii) AFOLU: strengthen land-use and agricultural practices to enhance the carbon balance, including precision agriculture, balanced date-palm cultivation and improved land management; expand carbon sinks and explore biochar as a mitigation measure; (iv) Waste: improve municipal solid waste management and expand waste-to-energy solutions; recover methane from landfills to reduce waste-sector emissions and capture additional energy resources; (v) Cross-cutting: prioritize mitigation measures according to cost-effectiveness, technical readiness and implementation feasibility, with near-term action focused on energy efficiency, renewables, fuel switching, transport electrification, flare recovery and nature-based carbon sinks. Higher-impact options such as CCUS, low-carbon fuels and hydrogen are expected to scale progressively as finance, infrastructure and institutional capacity become available. Implementation is supported by demand-side measures, governance and regulatory instruments, incentives and supply-side measures, with progress tracked through indicators such as emissions abated, installed renewable capacity and electrification rates. For the implementation, the Environment Authority (EA) serves as Oman’s UNFCCC focal point and coordinates climate reporting, NDCs, NAP development and GHG inventory improvements. It works with sectoral entities to coordinate adaptation and ensure policy and reporting coherence, while the Oman Net Zero Centre (ONZC) leads the planning, coordination and monitoring of Oman’s net-zero transition and mitigation implementation.
Оман · 2026-01-01