Malawi’s Third Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC3.0) reaffirms its commitment to a low-emission, climate-resilient development pathway. Under the unconditional pathway, Malawi aims to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 8% by 2030, 12% by 2035, and 13% by 2040 relative to business-as-usual (BAU) emissions. With conditional contributions, these reductions could increase to 21%, 35%, and 41%, respectively, while the full combination of unconditional and conditional measures could achieve reductions of 30% in 2030, 48% in 2035, and 54% in 2040. The NDC3.0 is structured around a dual climate agenda, combining mitigation measures to reduce GHG emissions across the energy (including transport), agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU), waste, and industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sectors, with adaptation measures aimed at strengthening the resilience of vulnerable sectors and communities, particularly in agriculture, water resources, health, and infrastructure. Across all key sectors, the conditional pathway delivers substantially greater emission reductions than the unconditional pathway, highlighting the critical role of international support in enabling deeper decarbonization and achieving Malawi’s more ambitious climate objectives. Specifically, NDC 3.0 aims to (i) raise national mitigation ambition by strengthening emission reduction targets across all key sectors in line with the 1.5 °C goal of the Paris Agreement; (ii) deepen adaptation efforts to enhance resilience of vulnerable communities, ecosystems and key economic sectors; (iii) strengthen implementation pathways through robust institutional arrangements, monitoring systems, and integration of NDC actions into national and subnational development plans; (iv) mobilize and scale up climate finance from domestic and international sources, including through carbon markets and public-private partnerships; (v) promote equity, gender responsiveness, and a just transition that aligns climate action with poverty reduction and inclusive growth. To effectively implement its NDC 3.0, Malawi recognises the need to strengthen both domestic and international resource mobilization. The country aims to improve coordination, transparency, and access to resources. It also aims to enhance inclusivity through the participation and engagement of communities, civil society organizations, research and academia and the private sector. Chapter 5 sets out sectoral mitigation measures designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while advancing national development objectives. In the energy sector, mitigation focuses on expanding renewable and low-carbon energy sources through increased hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and gas generation, reducing transmission losses, improving energy efficiency through technologies such as LED lighting and solar water heaters, expanding off-grid electrification, promoting clean cooking solutions, and gradually electrifying transport while increasing the use of biofuels. In the AFOLU sector, measures include scaling up conservation agriculture, climate-smart soil and water management, efficient fertilizer and manure use, improved rice cultivation, better livestock feeding and breeding practices, manure-to-biogas systems, climate-resilient farm management, improved post-harvest systems, afforestation, riparian restoration, agroforestry expansion, sustainable forest and landscape management, REDD+ initiatives, and the promotion of alternative forest-based livelihoods to reduce pressure on natural forests. In the IPPU sector, mitigation is centred on reducing emissions from industrial production through the use of rice husk ash in blended cement, lower-clinker cement technologies, earth-stabilised blocks, low-carbon clinker production processes, carbon capture, utilisation and storage, and implementation of the Kigali Amendment through the phased reduction of hydrofluorocarbons and the promotion of low-global-warming-potential refrigeration technologies. In the waste sector, mitigation measures include landfill gas capture and energy generation, waste reduction at household, industrial and institutional levels, waste-to-energy facilities, rehabilitation of wastewater treatment systems with methane recovery, large-scale composting enterprises, strengthened circular economy approaches, improved solid waste management systems, decentralized composting and wastewater treatment, enhanced physical planning and enforcement, and the establishment of regulatory frameworks for e-waste and hazardous waste management. Chapter 6 presents the adaptation contribution aimed at strengthening the capacity of communities, ecosystems, and infrastructure to withstand climate shocks while supporting sustainable development. The adaptation measures focus on scaling up climate-smart agriculture, crop diversification, agroforestry, drought-tolerant crops, climate-resilient irrigation, rainwater harvesting, improved livestock breeds, fodder banks, sustainable aquaculture, wetland restoration, and fisheries co-management. The energy sector measures include climate risk assessments of power assets, climate-resilient grid standards, and expanded access to clean cooking technologies. In transport and infrastructure, Malawi proposes climate-proofing roads, bridges, buildings, and housing, integrating climate risk screening into planning, retrofitting critical transport networks, and promoting nature-based solutions in urban infrastructure. Water resources adaptation emphasizes integrated watershed management, afforestation, wetland protection, flood risk mapping, flood-control infrastructure, drought monitoring, groundwater management, and integrated water resources planning. Additional measures target blue economy resilience through ecosystem restoration and sustainable fisheries, strengthened climate-resilient health systems and disease surveillance, inclusive social protection, restoration of forests and ecosystems, community-based natural resource management, expanded multi-hazard early warning systems, improved weather and hydrological forecasting, climate-resilient urban planning, watershed and landscape restoration, and the integration of loss and damage into national policies, financing mechanisms, monitoring systems, and research.
马拉维 · 2026-06-17